| Agrobacterium | conjugation | GM food | recipient |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | conventional breeding | GMO | transcription |
| alphaproteobacteria | DNA | horizontal gene transfer | transduction |
| bacteriophage | donor | mRNA | transformation |
| bacterium | gene transfer agent | pilus | transgenesis |
| chromosome | genetic engineering | plasmid | virus |
| cisgenesis | genetically modified organism |